The British Revolution, primarily referring to the mid-17th-century upheaval including the English Civil War, the overthrow of King Charles I, and the temporary establishment of a Commonwealth led by Oliver Cromwell, represents a pivotal period in British history. This era, sparked by conflicts between the monarchy and Parliament over issues like taxation, religious freedoms, and governance, culminated in the Civil War between the Royalists and Parliamentarians. The execution of Charles I in 1649 led to the abolition of the monarchy and the House of Lords, establishing the Commonwealth, which was later followed by Cromwell's rule as Lord Protector. The period of revolutionary change ended with the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 under Charles II, significantly impacting the political landscape of Britain. It established the principle that the monarchy could not rule without Parliament's consent, laying the groundwork for the modern constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. The revolution also brought about changes in religious tolerance and the separation of church and state, marking a critical juncture in the evolution of governance and individual rights in Britain.